TelevisaUnivision channels blacked out on YouTube TV

Viewers across the U.S. woke up to find a set of major Spanish-language channels missing from their YouTube TV subscriptions. As of February 2024, Google’s streaming platform and TelevisaUnivision failed to reach a new carriage agreement, resulting in the blackout of key channels including Univision, UniMás, Galavisión, and TUDN. The standoff halted live broadcasts of popular telenovelas, nightly news from Univision Noticias, and high-demand sporting events like Liga MX and UEFA Champions League matches.

This disruption puts the spotlight on long-standing tensions between streaming providers and content owners as traditional cable contracts evolve into digital negotiations. For Google, it’s another chapter in securing multilingual content on its platform. For TelevisaUnivision, it's a defense of licensing value. And for millions of subscribers—especially Spanish-speaking households—it marks a significant gap in access to culturally resonant content and live TV coverage.

Understanding the Standoff: Inside the YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision Dispute

What Is a Carriage Agreement, and Why Does It Matter?

A carriage agreement defines the terms under which a distributor like YouTube TV carries the content of a broadcaster such as TelevisaUnivision. These agreements cover licensing fees, channel placement, promotional obligations, and sometimes data-sharing arrangements. When negotiations over renewal falter, channel blackouts become the visible outcome for consumers.

Timeline: From Talks to Takedown

In early 2024, discussions between Google—YouTube TV’s parent company—and TelevisaUnivision intensified as the existing agreement approached expiration. Negotiations reportedly began in Q4 2023, but by late April 2024, both parties signaled unresolved differences. The carriage agreement officially expired on May 1, 2024, and within hours, several TelevisaUnivision channels went dark for YouTube TV users.

Included in the blackout were high-traffic networks such as Univision, UniMás, Galavisión, and TUDN. These channels account for a significant portion of Spanish-language programming and sports events in the U.S. market.

What the Companies Said Publicly

• YouTube TV: In a public statement issued on May 2, Google stated, “We’ve been negotiating in good faith with TelevisaUnivision but have yet to reach an agreement. While we work toward a resolution, affected channels are currently unavailable.”
• TelevisaUnivision: The company countered on the same day, claiming, “Our goal has always been to make our content widely accessible. Unfortunately, YouTube TV chose to remove our networks rather than accept fair market rates for the most-watched Spanish-language programming.”

Not the First Blackout, Not the Last

This isn’t YouTube TV’s first high-profile dispute. In 2021, a carriage disagreement with Disney resulted in a brief removal of ESPN and ABC properties. Similarly, in 2020, Google faced tough negotiations with Sinclair, affecting the availability of regional sports networks. TelevisaUnivision has also dealt with distribution conflicts in the past, including with Dish Network in 2016, when its channels were pulled for nearly two months.

These precedents show a consistent pattern: content owners demand premium fees to reflect their perceived value, while digital distributors resist cost hikes that could erode margins or drive up consumer prices.

Inside the Contract Deadlock Between YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision

Licensing Fees for Spanish-Language Content

Negotiations between YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision ground to a halt primarily over licensing costs. TelevisaUnivision sought higher per-subscriber fees for its Spanish-language channels, citing sharp audience growth and premium sports rights. According to Nielsen's December 2023 data, Univision’s primetime audience among adults 18–49 outperformed NBC, ABC, and CBS, ranking it the No. 1 network in that demographic at several points in the year. This ratings strength enabled TelevisaUnivision to argue for fee parity with top-tier English-language networks.

YouTube TV, however, remained resistant. The platform, which operates on a slim-margin model, contended that passing increased costs to users risks customer attrition. Executives argued that Spanish-language content remains underserved by digital advertisers compared to English-language programming, making premium licensing rates financially unjustified within their business model.

Tier Packaging and Channel Placement

Another wrench in the talks: tier placement. TelevisaUnivision pushed for mandatory inclusion in YouTube TV’s base plan. This package reaches the largest number of subscribers, guaranteeing broader audience access and stronger ad revenue. YouTube TV, in contrast, proposed moving the channels into an add-on Spanish-language tier to control operational costs and offer more subscription flexibility.

This positioning affects visibility. Placement in the base package often results in higher viewer retention, while niche tiers tend to limit ratings performance. TelevisaUnivision objected to being siloed, calling the tiered packaging "digital redlining" in internal correspondence viewed by the Wall Street Journal in March 2024.

Inclusion of Sports and Local Channels

Live sports rights intensified the disagreement. TelevisaUnivision broadcasts major Liga MX matches, CONCACAF tournaments, and international friendlies. Bundling those rights into the base agreement carried a premium price tag. YouTube TV challenged the valuation, pointing out that bilingual audiences often access sports content through multiple platforms.

Additionally, TelevisaUnivision’s demand to include its local affiliate stations in over 60 U.S. markets complicated negotiations. Carrying these local feeds significantly expands bandwidth requirements and advertising localism obligations—issues YouTube TV flagged as operational burdens.

Streaming Revenue Models vs. Traditional Broadcast Fees

At the core of the impasse lies a clash between streaming-native economics and legacy broadcast valuations. TelevisaUnivision's expectations are rooted in linear TV’s historic compensation formulas. YouTube TV, engineered for scale and agility, operates under cloud distribution models with tighter per-subscriber returns.

While traditional broadcasters see carriage deals as guaranteed income streams, virtual MVPDs like YouTube TV lean on dynamic advertising and user retention forecasts. TelevisaUnivision demanded fixed-fee increases aligned with projected viewer growth; YouTube TV prioritized data-driven variable compensation. The failure to align on which model governs future revenue flow kept contractual terms from materializing.

What happens when a 70-year-old broadcast titan negotiates with a Silicon Valley product team? This blackout gave everyone a front-row seat.

Disrupted Screens, Disrupted Lives: How the TelevisaUnivision Blackout Hit YouTube TV Subscribers

Millions Caught in the Dark

Roughly 5 million YouTube TV subscribers lost access to TelevisaUnivision channels during the carriage blackout. While not every user relied on Spanish-language networks, TelevisaUnivision's audience reach spans a wide demographic. Its flagship channel alone, Univision, ranked as the most-watched Spanish-language network in the U.S. for over two decades, with a monthly reach of approximately 25 million viewers across platforms, according to Nielsen data from late 2023.

What Viewers Lost

• Univision: Home to top-rated primetime novelas, national news broadcasts, and weekend entertainment blockbusters like "Sábado Gigante" reruns and "Nuestra Belleza Latina."
• UniMás: A secondary network targeting younger bilingual audiences with films, series, and sports overflow.
• Galavisión: A cable-only staple specializing in variety shows and comedy reruns from Televisa’s classic vault.
• TUDN: The crown jewel of Spanish-language sports, offering Liga MX coverage, UEFA tournaments, CONCACAF, and original commentary panels.
• Local affiliates: Regional broadcast stations tied to Univision and UniMás vanished from the interface, affecting local news, weather, and community event coverage.

The User Experience: Broken Streams and Error Messages

Instead of late-night telenovelas or weekend soccer matches, subscribers encountered greyed-out thumbnails, outdated program guides, and blank loading screens. Clicking into any blacked-out channel triggered messages like “This program is unavailable due to a dispute between YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision.”

The disruption didn't stop at live TV. On-demand content tied to network rights disappeared from menus, creating dead-end links and confusing browsing loops. For Spanish-speaking households relying on these channels as daily staples, the impact felt not just inconvenient—but highly disruptive.

Outcry in Real Time

Across X (formerly Twitter), Reddit, and Facebook groups, subscriber frustration poured in. One user on Reddit’s r/youtubetv community asked, “Why drop channels in the middle of the CONCACAF qualifiers? You can’t just pull TUDN,” capturing the sentiment echoed by thousands.

Others threatened to cancel. Screenshots of cancellation confirmations circulated with hashtags like #BringBackUnivision and #CutTheCordAgain. Influencers covering Hispanic pop culture and sports posted videos explaining how the blackout affected their content schedules, which widened the platform's reputational fallout.

With a single blackout, YouTube TV made itself the antagonist in a deeply emotional, language-bound viewing relationship. Users didn’t just lose content—they lost connection.

Smart Alternatives to Keep Watching TelevisaUnivision Content

Use ViX and ViX+ to Access Direct Content

TelevisaUnivision has built its own streaming ecosystem, and it’s fully operational. ViX offers ad-supported access to a wide catalog of Spanish-language series, films, and live news, while ViX+ delivers premium-tier content—including exclusive telenovelas, original productions, and international soccer matches—starting at $6.99 per month in the U.S.

Both platforms are available on iOS, Android, Roku, Amazon Fire TV, and smart TVs. With over 50,000 hours of content, plus more than 100 linear channels, ViX and ViX+ have significantly expanded their reach since launching in 2022.

Switch to Services That Still Carry the Channels

Several streaming providers continue to offer TelevisaUnivision networks as part of their live TV packages. Here's how the main options compare:

• Hulu + Live TV: Includes Univision, UniMás, and Galavisión in select markets, combined with Disney+ and ESPN+ in a bundle that currently starts around $76.99/month.
• FuboTV: Specializes in sports and Latino content; offers Univision and UniMás nationwide, with added access to TUDN. Pricing begins near $74.99/month for the Pro plan.
• DirecTV Stream: Carries all major TelevisaUnivision channels, including local stations in qualifying ZIP codes. Its Entertainment package starts at $79.99/month.

Each of these platforms provides cloud DVR services, multi-device streaming, and bilingual support, appealing to households with mixed-language preferences.

Capture Free Local Broadcasts with a Digital Antenna

In most urban and suburban areas, Univision and UniMás broadcast over the air (OTA) on UHF or VHF frequencies. A quality digital antenna—indoor models for city apartments or outdoor systems for rural zones—unlocks free HD access without any subscription fees.

Use the FCC’s DTV Reception Maps tool to check station availability by ZIP code. Signals depend on geography and building interference, but in many areas, OTA remains the most cost-efficient access point.

Explore Budget-Friendly Options for Spanish-Language Viewers

Not every viewer is looking for a full cable replacement. For audiences focused on Spanish-language programming, several solutions offer robust cultural relevance at lower costs:

• Sling TV Latino bundles: With packages like “Best of Spanish TV” starting at just $10/month, Sling includes Galavisión and local Univision access in select metros.
• Pluto TV Latino: Offers free, ad-supported Spanish channels and on-demand films—ideal for casual viewing without subscriptions.
• Peacock and Paramount+: While not focused on TelevisaUnivision, both provide a growing slate of Spanish-language originals and dubbed content.

Cost-conscious households often combine free OTA channels with a low-tier streaming plan to achieve variety and stability without overspending.

Streaming Wars and Platform Exclusivity

A Shifting Battlefield for Viewer Loyalty

The blackout of TelevisaUnivision channels on YouTube TV highlights a deeper issue than just a contract dispute—it reflects the ongoing competition among streaming platforms to lock down exclusive content. Media conglomerates increasingly favor direct-to-consumer models, driving up demand for high-value, exclusive programming that can differentiate one platform from another.

Targeting Niche Demographics

TelevisaUnivision serves a massive Spanish-speaking audience in the U.S., a demographic long underserved by legacy media companies but now at the forefront of strategic expansion. This dispute places a spotlight on how streaming platforms are battling to control access to culturally relevant content. In this case, YouTube TV risks losing a significant portion of its Hispanic subscriber base, which according to Nielsen (Q3 2023) represents one of the fastest-growing segments of digital media consumption in the U.S.—with Hispanic households over-indexing in streaming usage by 10% compared to the national average.

Precedents in Content Exclusivity

• Peacock & NBCUniversal: Peacock retained exclusive streaming rights to NBC’s most popular shows—including “The Office,” which left Netflix in January 2021. That move alone caused a 9% drop in “The Office” viewing hours on Netflix within a week of the transition.
• Paramount+ & CBS: When CBS launched Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access), it pulled major title franchises like “Star Trek” into exclusive streaming deals. All new “Star Trek” titles are now available only on Paramount+, which helped the service cross 56 million global subscribers by the end of 2023.

These platform moves aren’t just about content—they’re about reshaping viewer habits through exclusivity.

A Fragmented Viewing Experience

Consumers now face a streaming landscape where accessing a full range of content often requires multiple subscriptions. Fragmentation has increased dramatically—according to Antenna Analytics, the average U.S. household in 2023 subscribed to 4.5 streaming services, up from 3.2 in 2019.

This shift adds cost, complexity, and viewing fatigue, especially when popular networks like TelevisaUnivision disappear unexpectedly from bundled platforms like YouTube TV. The TelevisaUnivision blackout captures a broader pattern: streaming is moving away from the convenience-first model it once promised.

Cord-Cutting and the Shift in TV Consumption Habits

The blackout of TelevisaUnivision channels on YouTube TV lands at the intersection of a larger trend: the ongoing decline of traditional cable television in favor of digital streaming. Households continue to sever ties with legacy cable and satellite providers, opting instead for platforms that merge flexibility with personalized viewing. According to Leichtman Research Group, by the third quarter of 2023, pay-TV providers lost over 1.7 million subscribers — a trend that has accelerated annually since 2015.

Streaming adoption isn't just deepening; it's reshaping how content is consumed across demographics. Nielsen's The Gauge report for December 2023 shows that streaming accounted for 38.1% of total TV usage in the U.S., overtaking both cable (29.9%) and broadcast (24.2%). Audiences are gravitating toward services that blend on-demand libraries with live programming, creating hybrid models that mimic cable but with added flexibility.

Bundling: The Streaming Differentiator

Consumers aren’t just chasing variety—they’re weighing value. The ability to access both live local channels and premium on-demand content in one subscription has become a key differentiator. YouTube TV, Hulu + Live TV, and Sling leverage this bundling to attract users who don’t want to toggle between three or four apps to follow sports, news, or a trending series.

This demand for seamlessness makes carriage disputes, like the one between YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision, more than programming issues—they’re service interruptions that affect perceived platform reliability. When a major network group disappears from a lineup, users don’t view it as a negotiation delay; they treat it as a product failure.

Trust, Pricing, and Platform Loyalty

Platform loyalty is brittle. A report from Deloitte’s 2024 Digital Media Trends survey found that 40% of streaming subscribers canceled at least one service in the past six months, with content removal and rising prices topping the list of reasons. When a carriage dispute removes key channels, users are more likely to churn, especially when facing monthly increases—YouTube TV, for example, raised its base price to $72.99 in 2023.

• Churn risks spike when marquee content vanishes, even temporarily.
• Perceived value drops as pricing escalates without expanded content offerings.
• Trust erodes when disputes appear to prioritize corporate margins over user experience.

The ecosystem is volatile, driven less by brand loyalty and more by cost-benefit calculations. Users want consistent content access. When that contract breaks—whether through blackouts or unexpected price hikes—many start shopping for alternatives.

Licensing Fees and Content Distribution Rights: The Engine Behind the Blackout

When TelevisaUnivision channels disappear from YouTube TV, the core issue often traces back to licensing fees and content rights. These agreements power the entire ecosystem of modern television and streaming—it isn't about transmission hardware anymore. It’s about who gets to stream what, and at what price.

How Licensing Works Behind the Curtain

To carry any live TV channel, YouTube TV must first secure the rights through a licensing agreement with the content owner—in this case, TelevisaUnivision. These contracts typically cover:

• Carriage fees: Per-subscriber payments owed to the content provider.
• Content rights: Specific terms detailing when and where content can be shown, including mobile access, DVR capabilities, and on-demand streaming.
• Geo-restrictions: Some licenses limit distribution to certain regions, impacting access to local news or regional sports feeder stations.

TelevisaUnivision, with its expansive portfolio that includes networks like Univision, TUDN, and Galavisión, seeks strong valuation for its content—particularly its exclusive Spanish-language broadcasts of major soccer events and telenovelas with massive followings in the U.S. Hispanic market.

Premium Content Is Driving Up the Price Tag

Licensing in 2024 is not flat. Networks demand higher fees as they secure premium programming—especially live sports, breaking news, and exclusive series. According to data from Kagan, a media research group under S&P Global, average retransmission consent fees paid by virtual MVPDs (vMVPDs) like YouTube TV grew by over 10% annually from 2019 to 2023. This pace has accelerated with each new round of sports rights auctions and investment in original productions.

TelevisaUnivision’s sports portfolio alone includes properties like Liga MX, UEFA Champions League (Spanish-language rights), and national team friendlies. These categories consistently command top licensing rates because they attract real-time audiences and can’t be time-shifted.

Why Local News and Sports Cost Even More

Viewers tune in live for local news broadcasts, and that’s precisely why they carry so much weight in fee negotiations. Local affiliates owned or operated by TelevisaUnivision play a pivotal role in regional advertising and content relevancy; losing them undermines YouTube TV’s perceived value immediately. Because of this, negotiations over local station carriage often turn into flashpoints in broader national agreements.

Asymmetrical Power: Streaming Platforms vs. Content Owners

YouTube TV, backed by Google, holds considerable leverage as a platform with over 5 million subscribers, according to Alphabet’s disclosures. However, TelevisaUnivision controls sought-after Spanish-language content that no rival can replicate. This asymmetry creates a volatile negotiating environment. One side controls audience reach. The other controls irreplaceable content.

When neither side yields, the result is a blackout—not technical failure, but pure economic friction.

Live Sports Drive Loyalty: What’s at Stake in the YouTube TV and TelevisaUnivision Dispute

TUDN’s High-Stakes Position in Sports Broadcasting

TelevisaUnivision’s TUDN holds a commanding role in Spanish-language sports coverage across the United States. As the broadcast home for Liga MX — consistently the most-watched soccer league in the U.S. — as well as UEFA Champions League, Europa League, and Major League Soccer in Spanish, TUDN delivers a high-value package for sports fans. According to Nielsen ratings, Liga MX matches regularly outrank English-language sports broadcasts in prime-time slots among Hispanic households. This dominance positions TUDN not just as a sports channel but as a cultural mainstay in millions of homes.

Sports as a Subscription Anchor

YouTube TV relies heavily on premium live content to retain subscribers. A 2023 report by Antenna Analytics showed that services offering exclusive live sports content had churn rates up to 35% lower than platforms without it. Losing access to channels carrying live matches, especially those with passionate, time-sensitive followings, erodes that advantage.

During UEFA Champions League knockout stages or the Liga MX Liguilla, fans expect immediate access. When platforms can't deliver, subscribers notice — and many leave. In fact, during past blackouts involving sports channels, competing platforms like FuboTV have seen immediate subscription spikes of 12–15%, driven by displaced sports audiences.

The Timing Challenge During Tournament Season

Disruptions rarely occur in a vacuum. This blackout coincides with multiple high-profile sports events — UEFA Champions League quarterfinals, midseason Liga MX clashes, and early MLS matchdays. For fans, this blackout isn't hypothetical inconvenience; it's missing their club qualifications, national rivalries, and international drama.

• UEFA Champions League rights, valued at over $1.5 billion globally, derive much of their worth from live exclusivity.
• Mexican national team friendlies broadcast on TUDN routinely attract over 2 million viewers in the U.S. alone.
• Delayed replays or game summaries don't replace shared, real-time experience — especially during high-stakes moments.

The Industry-Wide Struggle to Retain Sports Rights

Negotiations like this don’t happen in isolation. Every streaming platform—from legacy players like Hulu + Live TV to sports-centric apps like DAZN—faces the same core challenge: premium sports rights are non-negotiable anchors. Without them, retention falters.

Long-standing contracts are shifting. TelevisaUnivision recently secured extended deals with UEFA through 2028 for exclusive Spanish-language rights in the U.S. These long-horizon agreements put pressure on platforms like YouTube TV to lock in continuity or risk being left behind in a live sports race increasingly defined by exclusivity and loyalty.

Are service providers willing to gamble with fanbases during peak viewing cycles? Or will sports once again prove their negotiating leverage as the ultimate deal-makers?

Why the FCC Isn’t Intervening in the YouTube TV–TelevisaUnivision Blackout

FCC’s Role in Carriage Disputes

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) does not typically mediate disputes between cable or streaming providers and content companies. These blackout scenarios, often driven by failed retransmission consent negotiations or disagreements over carriage fees, fall under private contractual matters. According to the FCC’s specific policy on program carriage and access, the agency does not compel companies such as YouTube TV to carry particular channels or negotiate under specific terms.

Although Section 628 of the Communications Act grants the FCC oversight over the availability of certain programming, that authority applies primarily to satellite and cable operators, not over-the-top (OTT) services like YouTube TV. Streaming platforms currently operate outside the retransmission consent framework that governs traditional multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs).

Historical FCC Involvement in Similar Cases

In the past, the FCC has acted only in circumstances involving alleged anti-competitive behavior or violations of established rules under the Program Access and Program Carriage orders. For example, in Time Warner Cable Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, the FCC intervened because the dispute implicated discriminatory practices that restricted competitors’ access to vital programming. However, there’s no indication of such violations in the YouTube TV–TelevisaUnivision standoff.

This case differs. It involves two major market players negotiating a carriage agreement without regulated oversight since OTT providers are not categorized as MVPDs under the current legal definition. As a result, regulatory avenues remain closed unless Congress updates the Communications Act to reflect the dominance of virtual MVPDs in the modern media landscape.

Current Regulations on Program Access and Retransmission Consent

Retransmission consent, governed by the 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act, allows broadcasters to negotiate compensation from cable and satellite providers in exchange for the right to carry their signal. However, because YouTube TV doesn’t fall under traditional MVPD definitions, it isn’t bound by these statutory retransmission regulations. This legal gap gives virtual MVPDs significant leeway in their dealings with networks like TelevisaUnivision.

The Program Access rules, focusing on discriminatory practices by vertically integrated cable operators, also don’t apply here because neither party holds market power in a vertically integrated system that would raise antitrust flags under the FCC’s current framework.

Consequences for Local Broadcasters

Local TelevisaUnivision affiliates may face intensified challenges from this blackout. For many small-market Spanish-language stations, especially those targeting immigrant and bilingual households, virtual MVPDs like YouTube TV represent a significant vector for household penetration. Lost distribution on these platforms can diminish ad revenue, reduce audience reach, and erode market relevance—especially at a time when over-the-air viewing continues to decline.

While some viewers can still access these stations via antenna or through alternate apps, the blackout fractures market continuity, complicating efforts to retain consistent viewer engagement across platforms. Without regulatory intervention to ensure parity or mandate inclusion, local broadcasters remain vulnerable to the shifting sand of streaming negotiations.

What the TelevisaUnivision Blackout Reveals About the Future of Digital TV

The YouTube TV blackout triggered by the TelevisaUnivision dispute offers more than a snapshot of a corporate disagreement — it reveals the evolving tensions shaping the future of digital television. As viewers demand more choice and mobility, service providers and content owners continue to recalibrate their strategies to align with fast-changing consumer habits and revenue expectations.

Streaming is Fragmenting, Not Consolidating

Rather than simplifying media access, the rise of streaming platforms is introducing new challenges. When Univision vanishes from YouTube TV overnight, or TUDN live sports streaming becomes unavailable due to a contract lapse, viewers aren't simply left in the dark — they're pushed across ecosystems. Navigating between apps, platforms, and paywalls has become the new normal, especially for those trying to watch Univision without cable.

This blackout underscores that content access is no longer guaranteed by a subscription alone; it's subject to high-stakes Google streaming negotiations and the outcome of contractual brinksmanship. As a result, digital TV is looking more like traditional cable with escape routes harder to find.

Platforms Must Prioritize Transparency and Reliability

Subscribers respond aggressively when surprised by channel removals. The reaction to Univision not working on YouTube TV exposed how little visibility users have into the decisions affecting the services they pay for. Subscribers expect consistency, especially for live news, sports, and culturally significant content. The absence of stable offerings invites churn, weakens platform stickiness, and opens the door for niche players offering targeted alternatives, especially in Spanish TV streaming.

Balancing Price With Comprehensive Content Access Will Define Competitive Edge

The race to offer an affordable live TV package continues to clash with rising licensing fees. Every blackout forces platforms to decide whether cost control takes precedence over carrying key networks. But consumers aren’t bargaining for fewer channels—they're benchmarking value by breadth of content. Providers ignoring this misalignment risk losing their core audiences to competitors who prioritize inclusion of feature channels and beloved networks.

What Viewers Can Expect From Here

These disputes won’t disappear. As long as linear broadcasting remains the gateway to real-time cultural and sports moments, access will stay at the center of contractual standoffs. YouTube TV channel disputes will emerge again. New distribution agreements will shape how—and where—audiences engage with brands like TelevisaUnivision. In response, the digital TV market will likely evolve toward hybrid models: ad-supported free tiers, flexible channel bundles, and direct-to-consumer apps built to bypass traditional aggregators entirely.